Bruxism: How to identify it and protect your teeth from damage?

Have you ever woken up with jaw, neck, or head pain? Have you noticed that your teeth look smaller with uneven or rough edges over time? If so, you may be experiencing bruxism, a condition that affects an estimated 30% of the global population¹ (see study published in 2023) and, if left untreated, can have serious consequences for your health. In this article, I will explain what bruxism is, its causes, symptoms, and most importantly, what you can do to protect your teeth and prevent wear!

Stress: the main cause of bruxism.

What is bruxism?

Bruxism is the involuntary habit of clenching or grinding the teeth, usually during the night, though it can also occur during the day. This behavior is often unconscious and, over time, can lead to tooth wear, fractures, muscle contractions, jaw joint problems, migraines, and other oral health issues. As a result, restorations such as resin (composites, fillings), dental veneers, crowns, and/or inlays may become necessary.

Types of Bruxism

Daytime bruxism

It occurs when a person clenches or grinds their teeth while awake, usually due to stress, anxiety, intense concentration, during exercise, or from habits like nail-biting.

Nocturnal bruxism

This is the most common type and occurs during sleep, causing muscle fatigue upon waking. Often, people are unaware they have it until a dentist or a roommate notices it.

It’s common to clench and grind teeth while sleeping when experiencing nocturnal bruxism.

What are the causes of bruxism?

The causes of bruxism can vary from person to person, but the most common factors include:

Stress and anxiety: These are the main triggers of bruxism. People who experience high levels of stress, anxiety, or carry a lot of muscle tension in their daily lives are more likely to clench or grind their teeth.
Dental malocclusion: Incorrect alignment of the teeth can cause abnormal pressure on the jaw, which may lead to bruxism.
Sleep problems: Disorders such as sleep apnea can be related to bruxism. During apnea episodes, the body may react by clenching the teeth in response to the stress of interrupted sleep.
Lifestyle habits: Excessive consumption of alcohol, caffeine, and tobacco can increase the likelihood of developing bruxism.

Symptoms of bruxism

Bruxism can be difficult to detect, especially if it occurs at night. However, some symptoms may indicate that you suffer from it:

Jaw pain: A feeling of tension or pain in the jaw, especially upon waking.
Frequent headaches: People with bruxism often experience headaches or migraines, especially in the morning.
Tooth wear: Loss of tooth edges, fractures, or shortened teeth.
Tooth sensitivity: Increased sensitivity in the teeth, especially when consuming cold foods or drinks.
Ear pain: While bruxism doesn't directly affect the ears, pain in the jaw joint can radiate and cause discomfort in this area.
Grinding sound: People with nocturnal bruxism may be heard grinding or clenching their teeth by those sleeping near them.

Having jaw pain is one of the common symptoms of bruxism.

Consequences of untreated bruxism

If bruxism is not treated in time, it can have serious consequences for oral health:

Significant tooth wear: Prolonged bruxism can wear down the enamel and expose the dentin, making teeth more vulnerable to cavities and sensitivity, and even affecting the dental pulp (nerve).
Tooth fractures: Clenching or grinding can cause microfractures, which can develop into more severe fractures over time.
Jaw problems: Bruxism can lead to temporomandibular disorders (TMD), characterized by jaw pain, difficulty opening or closing the mouth, and noises when making movements.
Tooth loss: In extreme cases, bruxism can lead to tooth loss due to structural damage from advanced fractures and/or wear.

Teeth are damaged by bruxism, so it's important to detect the first symptoms.

What should I do if I have bruxism?

If you suspect you have bruxism or have already been diagnosed, there are several steps you can take to protect your teeth and prevent wear:

Consult a dentist: The first step is to visit a dentist for specialized bruxism treatment. The dentist can provide a proper diagnosis and recommend the most effective treatment. In some cases, patients may require different types of restorations, and it may be important to plan a smile design not only for aesthetic reasons but primarily for functional ones. This may involve the use of materials like resin or ceramic, depending on the individual case.
Use of night guards or dental protectors: One of the most common options for nocturnal bruxism is the use of a night guard or dental protector. These devices are designed to protect the teeth from wear by acting as a barrier between the upper and lower arches. It’s important for the guard to be custom-made to ensure a comfortable and effective fit.
Therapies to reduce stress: Since stress is one of the main causes of bruxism, addressing this underlying cause is essential. Some strategies include cognitive-behavioral therapy, progressive muscle relaxation, and/or meditation and mindfulness.
Lifestyle changes: Avoiding caffeine and alcohol, as well as maintaining a regular sleep routine, can help reduce bruxism episodes by improving sleep quality and decreasing nighttime muscle activity.
Physical therapy and stretching exercises: Specific jaw exercises can strengthen muscles and reduce tension. In some cases, it may be necessary to consult a physical therapist to learn exercises that can help alleviate bruxism symptoms.
Correcting dental alignment: If bruxism is related to a malocclusion, your dentist may recommend orthodontic treatment to correct the alignment of your teeth. This can help distribute pressure more evenly and reduce strain on the jaw.
Pharmacological treatment: In some cases, the dentist or doctor may prescribe medications to help relax the jaw muscles or reduce stress. These may include muscle relaxants, antidepressants, or anxiolytics, but they should always be used under medical supervision.

Night guards for bruxism are easy to use and provide proper protection for your teeth while you sleep.

Conclusion

Bruxism is a common disorder, but if detected early and treated properly, it is possible to prevent dental wear and other associated complications. The key is to be aware of the symptoms, seek professional help, and take proactive steps to protect your teeth.

If you think you might be suffering from bruxism, don’t hesitate to contact us for the ideal diagnosis and treatment for your case. Remember, a healthy smile is an essential part of your overall well-being and deserves your full attention and care!

Contact Dr. Luz Orozco here

¹ Source: Bruxismo de la Vigilia; Odontoestomatología vol.25 no.41 Montevideo 2023 Epub 01-Jun-2023